Citing a secondary source in a report or research work is something that most students struggle with. A secondary source is one that a primary or original source refers to or quotes directly from so this is understandable. It can even be more difficult especially if the student has to cite the secondary source APA (American Psychological Association) style. If you are one of such students, you do not have to fret. In this article, you will learn how to cite secondary source APA style.

How to Cite Secondary Sources APA Style

Write out the Name of the Author

When citing secondary sources APA style, the first thing to do is write out the author’s name. Start by writing out the author’s surname, followed by a comma, then the initials of his first and middle names, and end each with a full stop.

For example, “McDental, T. D.“

Write out the Year of Publication

When doing a secondary citation APA style, after writing the name, write out the year of publication. Now, remember, there are two years of publication. One is for the primary source of publication while the other is for the secondary source. Make sure the one you are citing is for the secondary source. To do this, simply open a parenthesis, write the year, close parenthesis and add a full stop.

For example, “McDental, T. D. (2021).“

Write out the Title of the Publication

Next in citing a secondary source APA style is to write out the title of the publication in italics. To do this, start the first word with a capital letter and then capitalize any other proper noun that is available in the publication title. Now some secondary sources may have subtitles attached to them. If any such exists in yours, make sure you write it out as well. However, separate the subtitle from your title by adding a colon and then put a full stop at the end of the subtitle. Also, make sure the first word of the subtitle starts with a capital letter.

For example, “McDental, T. D. (2021). Citing A Publication“

For an example of those that have subtitles, “McDental, T. D. (2021). Citing a Publication: APA citation secondary source.”

Include the Details of the Publication

In an APA secondary citation, you have to include the details of the publication after you have written out the title. These include the name and where the source was published. To do this, simply write out the location of the publication and then follow it with a colon. If the source that you are citing was one published in the United States, you have to include both the city and state of publication. After placing the colon, write out the name of the publishing company. Lastly, put a full-stop at the end of the publishing company.

For example, “McDental, T. D. (2021). Citing a Publication. Ottawa: Canadian Book Publications.“

Let the Reader Know that You are Citing a Secondary Source

So far, your secondary source citation APA style has followed the same format as a primary source citation. Thus, you have to let the reader know the difference between the primary source and the secondary source. To do this, simply write the phrase “as cited in” before you write the name of the author and the year of publication of your secondary source. This phrase also lets the reader know that you did not read the secondary source but that you are referring to what your primary source cited. Also, in the in-text citation, the only name you will need to write out is the author’s surname. Make sure you put this information in parentheses.

For example, “(as cited in McDental, 2021)“

Make Reference to the Primary Source

In your in-text APA citing secondary sources, make sure you refer to the primary source. To do this, first, write out the author’s surname and the year of publication of your primary source. Next, open a parenthesis, write out the phrase “as cited in”, the author’s surname of the secondary source, and the year of publication.

For example, “Knowles’ 2021 study (as cited in McDental, 2021) discussed extensively the process of citing a publication.“

Always Make Sure to Write out the Primary and Secondary Sources

Sometimes, no matter how you write, you may not have the right way of writing out the author’s name of the primary source. This happens especially when you continually reference the source. However, you still have to find a way to let your reader know the source of your text. To do this, first, open parenthesis, then write out the author’s name and year of publication of the primary source, separated by commas. Next, write out your phrase “as cited in” and then the author’s name and year of publication of your secondary source.

For example, “(Knowles’ 2021, as cited in McDental, 2021)“

Conclusion

Now you know how to cite a secondary source APA style.

The APA (American Psychological Association) report citation style is one that researchers and writers frequently use. This APA report citation style bears similarities with other types of citation styles and so may be confusing when it is time to cite APA report.

However, in this article, you will be learning how to cite a report APA style correctly and the APA format for reports. So, keep reading.

How to Cite a Report in APA 7th Edition

APA How to Cite a Report: Write out the Name of the Author(s)/Organization

Some reports credit a single author, some credit two or more authors while others credit organizations as their writers. When doing an APA citation of a report, write out the author(s) surname first, followed by a comma, then the initial of their first name and a full stop.

For example, “Lane, J.”

When citing two or three authors, simply write out their surnames and initials and then put an “and” to separate them.

For example, “Lane, J. and Sweets, T.”

When doing a report citation APA style for four or authors, write like this:

For example, “Lane, J. et al.”

When citing an organization or government report APA style, simply write like this:

For example, “The U. S. Centre of Research Development.”

APA Citation for a Report: Write out the Year of Publication

When citing a report in APA, you only need the year of the publication even if the full date is available. After writing out the name of the author(s) or organization, simply open parentheses, write the year and close your parentheses.

For example, “Lane, J. (2021)”

“Lane, J. and Sweets, T. (2021)”

“Lane, J. et al (2021)”

“The U. S. Centre of Research Development (2021)”

APA Cite a Report: Write Out the Title of the Report

After writing out the publication year, the next thing is to write out the title of the report and its report number if provided. Put a full stop after the publication year and then write out the title in italics. Make sure the first letter of the first word in the title is in capital letters. Also, if there is a subtitle, put a colon after the title and write out the subtitle.

For example, “Lane, J. (2021). APA Citing Reports: APA online report series 101”

“The U. S. Centre of Research Development (2021). APA reference report”

How to Cite Report APA: Write out the Publication Details

This means you will write out the place (state) and the name of the publisher. If you are citing a report published in the United States, make sure you add the name of the city well. To do this, simply put a full stop after the report title, write the city, followed by a comma; the state, followed by a full stop and the name of the publisher.

For example, “Lane, J. (2021). APA Citing Reports: APA online report series 101. Ontario, Canada: Bookbird Publications.”

APA Citing a Report: Specify If the Report was Made for a Particular Agency

Some reports are not made for the general public but for specific agencies and organizations. When this happens, the author(s) of the report usually specifies this in their report. So, when doing an APA citation report, you have to specify as well. All you have to do is add this phrase after the title: “Report prepared for.”

For example, “Lane, J. et al (2021). APA Citing Reports: APA online report series 101. Report prepared for the Canadian Institute of Research Development, Ontario, Canada: Bookbird Publications.”

Cite Report APA: Provide the DOI of the Report if it is an Online One

A DOI is simply short for digital object identifier and it is what allows a reader to trace the source of an information. If your report is an online one, you need to tell your readers where they can also access it. Now, at this point, it is important to mention that while you can easily access some reports online, you may not be able to access them all. This is because some databases require that you first subscribe to them before you can gain access. If the report is easily accessible, then you can add its DOI. However, if it requires subscription fees, then you should simply write the name of the database. Also, make sure to add the phrase: “Retrieved From” after the publication details.

For example, “Lane, J. et al (2021). APA Citing Reports: APA online report series 101. Report prepared for the Canadian Institute of Research Development, Ontario, Canada: Bookbird Publications. Retrieved from: https://www.bookbirds.com”

OR

“Lane, J. et al (2021). APA Citing Reports: APA online report series 101. Report prepared for the Canadian Institute of Research Development, Ontario, Canada: Bookbird Publications. Retrieved from: Bookbird Database”

How to APA Cite a Report: Conclusion

Now you know the correct way to report APA citation or how to cite reports in APA. Hopefully the article has cleared up any confusions and answered any questions about citing in the APA format for your assignments. Make sure to follow them carefully so the information you are citing is clear and can be easily found if someone is interested in your sources.

How do you give the citation for a report? What way should you report citations? In this article, you will be learning how to cite a research report and report citation. So, keep reading.

How to Cite a Report/How to Reference a Report

1. Write Out the Name of the Author

The author of a report could be an individual, two or more individuals, or an organization. If you want to reference one individual, write out their name as you have cited in the report starting with their surname. Then, add a comma and write only the initials of their first name and other names. For example, Andrew Terence Lightbottom becomes Lightbottom, A. T. when you reference.

Now, if they are two or three authors, you follow the same method. For example, Andrew Terence Lightbottom, Sarah Tina Sheepbottom, and Nina Kathryn Friedrice become Lightbottom, A. T., Sheepbottom, S. T., and Friedrice, N. K.

If the authors were four or more, all you have to do is write out the name of the first individual and write “et al” to represent the rest. For example, Andrew Terence Lightbottom, Sarah Tina Sheepbottom, Nina Kathryn Friedrice, Joey Kangarooey Pouch becomes Lightbottom, A. T. et al.

Now, if you were to cite an organization, you should simply cite like this for example the U. K. University.

2. Write Out the Year of Publication in Parentheses

When referencing reports, even the report contains a complete date, only reference the year of publication. After writing out the author'(s) or organization’s name, type a space and then write out the year of publication in parentheses. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021), Lightbottom, A. T. et al (2021), or U. K. University (2021).

3. Write Out the Title of the Report

After writing the author'(s) or organization’s name and their year of publication, the next thing to do is to write out the title of the report. Start with a capital letter and then follow with small letters in italics or quotes, depending on how the report title is written. If the first letters of the report title are capitalized, then you have to capitalize as well. If the report title is written in small letters, then do the same. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021) How to site a report; or Lightbottom, A. T. et al (2021) How To Site A Report; or U. K. University (2021) “How To Site A Report”.

Now, if the report comes with any report numbers, make sure you attach them. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021) How to site a report (2216).

4. Write out the Name and Place of Publication

After writing out the title of the report in italics or quotes, the next thing to do is to write out the name and place of publication. Write out the state first, put a comma and then follow it with a colon and the name of the publisher. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021) How to site a report. San Diego, California: Publishing Park.

Another example is Lightbottom, A. T., et al (2021) “How to site a report”. San Diego, California: Publishing Park or U. K. University (2021) “How To Site A Report”. Covent Garden and Strand, London: House Publisher.

5. Write About The Specific Preparation

In most cases, reports are specifically prepared for organizations and are stated so. If the report has the name(s) of (an) author(s), the author may be an expert in that field and written that report specifically for the organization that needs it. If you are writing such a report, always use the phrase “Report prepared for” and write out the organization to show this detail. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021) How to site a report. Report prepared for Coloda Spring Schools, San Diego, California: Publishing Park.

6. Type out the DOI of the Report

A DOI means digital object identifier and it is the URL (Uniform Resource Locator), the address of the report. Now, this only applies to that its author(s) or organization published online that is open for public viewing. It shows that the reader can access it. If an author or organization publishes their report online but restricts access to subscribers, then do not put the DOI. Instead, put the database name there. Always remember to add “Retrieved from” before typing out the DOI. For example, Lightbottom, A. T. (2021) How to site a report. Report prepared for Coloda Spring Schools, San Diego, California: Publishing Park. Retrieved from http://www.howtociteareport.com. If it does not have access, you can write U. K. University (2021) “How To Site A Report”. Covent Garden and Strand, London: House Publisher. Retrieved from UKUniversityOnline database.

How to Cite a Report: Conclusion

Now you know how to cite a report from an organization or (an) author(s). Referencing report is easy, all you have to do is follow the report reference format. With these guidelines, you should be able to cite report.

When you want to cite master thesis or dissertation, you may wonder how to cite a masters thesis in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. To cite master thesis or dissertation in APA style does not have to be a hassle for you. This article will be showing you step-by-step methods on how to cite and reference in APA style. So, keep reading.

How to Cite a Master’s Thesis: In-text Citation

When citing a master’s thesis, there are three ways to write this. Here they are:

1. Write Out the Year of Submission or Publication After the Author’s Name

When paraphrasing a piece of information or quoting the information directly from the thesis, make sure you write out the author’s surname and the year they submitted or published the thesis. For example, “According to John (2021), the media provides the best source of information.” or you could write, “According to John (2021), ‘The media is the best source of information.'”

2. Write out the Name and Year of the Author in Parentheses

Secondly, write out both the surname of the author and the year of submission in parentheses. Of course, before you do this, you must be using information from the thesis. First of all, write out your sentence and then end it with the author’s surname and the year they published their thesis. For example, “The media is the best source of information (John, 2021).”

3. Do Not Use Parenthesis

Sometimes, you may need to emphasize the year of publication or submission as this is necessary for what you are writing about. In such a case, there is no need for you to use parenthesis. For example, “In 2019, Bracknell stated that the media was corrupt and no longer trustworthy to be an accurate source of information. However, in 2021, John stated that the media and not social media was the best source of information.”

4. Write out the Page Number

When citing a master’s thesis, dissertation, or any other such academic writing, it is advisable that you put the page number if there is a direct quote. Sometimes, you may be summarizing the whole thesis and so, may not need a page number. However, to show that you read the thesis, it is important that you add a page number where you got your quote. To do this, put a comma after the submission or publication year and write “p.”. Make sure you write only “p.” if it is for one page but write “pp.” for two pages and more. Then follow this up with the number or numbers of the page or pages. For example, John (2021) p. 13, “Media is the best source of information.”

After you have completed your in-text citation, the next thing to do is write out your reference list in APA style.

Here is how:

1. Write out the Name of the Author

Always start with the surname of the author, then follow this with a comma and write out the initials of the author’s other names, putting a period after each initial. For example, John, O. T.

2. Put the Year in Parentheses

Next, write out the year of submission or publication in parentheses after writing out the author’s surname and initials. For example, John O. T. (2021).

3. Write out the Thesis Title

The next thing to do is to write out the title of the thesis. When writing this, make sure you do so in Italics. Also, make sure you write the first letter of the title and any other noun in capital letters. Furthermore, make sure to indicate that the thesis is unpublished by writing “unpublished” after the title. However, if it is not, then do not write anything. For example, John O. T. (2021) The benefit of the media to today’s world (Unpublished thesis).

4. Write out the Name and Place of the University

After the title, write out the name and place of the university. If it is an American university in the US, write out the city, separate with a comma, and write out the state. If the university is situated outside the US, write out the city, separate with a comma, and write out the name of the country.

For example, John O. T. (2021) The benefit of the media to today’s world (Unpublished thesis). San Francisco, California.

John O. T. (2021) The benefit of the media to today’s world (Unpublished thesis). London, United Kingdom.

5. Double-Check to Make Sure

After citing and referencing, double-check to make sure you did it the right way. No one is above making mistakes and that includes you. When you are sure that everything is fine, then you can turn in your work.

Conclusion

Now, you know how to cite a master’s thesis or dissertation using APA style. By simply following the guidelines in this article, you should arrive at your APA citation or referencing in no time.

If you are a student wondering how to cite dissertation MLA (Modern Language Association) style, then keep reading. This article discusses how to cite a thesis MLA style/citing a dissertation MLA style.

How to Cite a Thesis in MLA Style/How to Cite a Dissertation MLA

MLA Citation Thesis: Write Out the Author’s Surname and Page Number

Now for some other citation styles, you have the freedom to decide whether or not to include a page number. If you are paraphrasing the entire source, you may not include a page number. If you are quoting a direct statement, you may include a page number. However, in a thesis MLA/MLA dissertation, including a page number is important.

Here is how:

First of all, open your parentheses and write out the author’s surname. Next, type a space, write out the page number and close the parentheses.

For example, (Sheepbottom 81).

If two or three people authored the work, write out their surnames and page number. For example, (Sheepbottom, Leg, and Puke, 81 – 83).

If four or more people authored the work, write out their surnames and page number. For example, (Sheepbottom et al. 81).

Note, this citation should always come at the end of the information and before the final full stop.

MLA Dissertation Citation/MLA Thesis Citation: Citing Sources Without an Author’s Name

While citing a source with its author’s name is easy for some students, citing one without the name of the author is a bit tricky. However, you do not have to worry if your source does not come with the name of its author. This is because you can still cite your source all the same. To cite a source without an author, just write out the title of the source in quotes and the page number in parentheses. You can also shorten the source title while adding its page number. However, if your source is from a website or one without pages, simply write out only the title in quotes.

For example, (“Do You Include Ph.D. in MLA Citation?” 90) for sources without authors

(“How to Cite a Dissertation MLA 8”) for sources without page numbers.

MLA Cite Dissertation: Citing the Same Source Multiple Times

Sometimes, you may get useful information from the same source. Thus, you will need to cite it multiple times. To do so, simply write out the first information and cite the author and page number in parentheses. For the second information from the same source, write only the page number.

For example, “Where does the thesis go in MLA format? It is simply arranged according to standard (Sheepbottom 81). The MLA thesis format is one that schools ignore thus making it difficult for students who are unfamiliar with it (90).“

Still, you may want to cite a new source in between the information of your first source. All you have to do is cite the new source appropriately and cite your old source again.

For example, “Citing dissertation MLA style is not as popular (Sheepbottom 85). This is the same problem as citing a thesis MLA style (88). That is why an MLA thesis example is an important guide for the student (Puke 62). An example will show you how to cite thesis MLA style (Sheepbottom 57).“

Cite a Thesis MLA: Cross-check with Your Teacher or Supervisor

The thesis MLA format that this article has given you is one that is common and accepted in academic writing. However, if your research is advanced, then you may need to include more information. This information could be the number of the chapters, the book’s edition(s), among others. You can then consult the MLA Guide Book to help you or ask your lecturer for further information.

MLA Works Cited Thesis

MLA Dissertation Cite: Write out the Author and Title of the Source

Start by writing out the surname of the author(s), followed by a comma and then the author'(s) first name. If there is no author’s look b V name, you can skip that part. Next, write the title of the source in full and in italics. For example:

“Sheepbottom, Elle. MLA Citing a Thesis.”

Cite Thesis MLA: Specify If It is a Source Within a Source

Some sources usually refer to other sources in their work. If you use these other sources and not the original source, then you have to specify this after writing the original title. However, the original title will be in quotes while the other will be in italics.

For example, ‘Sheepbottom, Elle. “MLA Citing a Thesis” MLA Citation Dissertation.’

Write out the Edition, Publisher, and Date

For example, ‘Sheepbottom, Elle. “MLA Citing a Thesis” MLA Citation Dissertation. Vol. 5, no. 3. 14 June 2021 DOI: http://citeadissertationmla.com

Conclusion

Now, you learned how to cite a thesis paper MLA. This article has answered any possible questions about MLA format dissertation. Knowing how MLA format thesis works will help in your future research writing. Make sure to follow the rules carefully and your papers will be always successful.

When writing one, you may be asked to cite your dissertation chicago style. Or you may be asked to cite thesis chicago style. The chicago manual of style dissertation is unique in its own way, thus differentiating it from other citation styles. In this article, you will learn how to cite a dissertation chicago style. So, keep reading to learn how to cite a thesis Chicago Style/Chicago Style Dissertation Citation.

The Chicago citation style has two formats which this article will be showing you. Each of these formats has its distinguishing features. However, before you use the Chicago citation style, you must first ask your lecturer or supervisor which one they want you to use.

How to Cite Dissertation Chicago Style/Chicago Cite Dissertation: Citing One Author or Organization

When citing a piece of information from a work either quoted directly or paraphrased, put the author’s surname and year of publication in parentheses. Now, for most citation styles, there is usually a comma after the author’s surname. In the Chicago citation style, there is no use for a comma. Simply open parentheses, write the author’s surname, leave a space, write the year of publication and close parentheses. For example, (Dogwell 2021).

Also, the same format applies if you are citing an organization. For example, (Federal Institute of Foreign Research 2021).

Citing a Thesis Chicago/Dissertation Citation Chicago: Add the Page Number of Specific Information

Sometimes, you may just paraphrase a whole source and use that for information. However, in some cases, you may need specific information. In such cases, add the page number. This will make it easier for your reader to reference what you are writing. First of all, open your parentheses and write the author’s surname. Next, add a space and then write the year of publication. Finally, add a comma, write the page number and close the parentheses. For example, (Dogwell 2021, 126)

Citing Dissertation Chicago Style: Citing Two or Three Authors

Now, citing a single work that was written by two or three authors has a different format. First of all, write out the surnames of each author in the order that they appear in the publication. Next, use a comma to separate all three authors’ surnames. Then put the year of publication. However, do not use a comma to separate the last author’s surname from the publication year. For instance, (Dogwell, Sheepbottom, and Termaite 2021).

Chicago Style Dissertation: Citing Four or More Authors

To cite four or more authors, there is no need to mention the surnames of all authors. All you need to do is simply mention the surname of the first author, followed by a space. After that, you add a full stop and then the year of publication.

For example, (Dogwell et al. 2021).

Chicago Style Citation Dissertation: Citing Authors With the Same Surname

Sometimes, when citing an academic work, you may discover that two or more authors bear the same surname. This is not unusual. It may be confusing to cite to you but a Chicago citation style has a way to handle this. To cite authors with the same surname, first of all, open parentheses. Secondly, write the initial of their first name first. Next, add a full stop and write their surname. After that, leave a space and write the year they published their work.

For example, (D. Dogwell 2021) (C. Dogwell 2021).

Chicago Dissertation Citation/Chicago Style Thesis: Citing an Author with Different Publications of the Same Year

If you come across this, it may seem confusing to you. For some students, the next thing is to simply look for an alternative: other publications that have different authors. For you, you may not be able to do that. Sometimes, only certain publications contain the exact information that you need. So, to make sure the reader as well as yourself understand what you are citing, you need to make a clear distinction. All you need to do is just write a small letter “a” “b” or “c” to each citation. Here is how:

First of all, open your parentheses and write the author’s surname. Next, put a space and then write the year of publication. After that, add your letters and close the parentheses. For example, (Dogwell 2021a), (Dogwell 2021b), (Dogwell 2021c).

How to Cite a Dissertation in Chicago Style: Citing Multiple Information at Once

Sometimes, you may need information from two or more publications in one sentence. There is no need to be confused with how to cite this. Simply cite and separate with a semi-colon. Here is how:

First of all, open your parentheses and write the name and year of the first author. Next, add a semicolon and then write the name and year of the second author. For example, (Dogwell 2021; Sheepbottom 2020; Termaite 2019).

How to Cite Thesis Chicago/Citing a Dissertation Chicago: Conclusion

With the explanation in this article, you now know how to cite dissertation chicago.

How do you cite a secondary source? Secondary sources are works that an original source refers to. Sometimes the information in the secondary sources is more useful to the student using them. Thus, it is important to know how to do secondary citations of sources. In this article, you will learn how to do secondary source citations using three reference styles. So, keep reading to learn how to do a secondary source citation.

Secondary Source Citation in Chicago Style

Write out the Primary Source First

Always specify that you got your information through a secondary source. You can do this by adding the phrase, “cited by” or “quoted in” or “quoting”.

To do this, write out the author’s surname first, followed by a comma, and then the author’s first name of the secondary source. Next, write out the title, location, and year of the publication. Follow this with the phrase “cited by” or “quoted in” and then provide the same information for your primary source.

For example, “Millentia, Jane. Helpful citation guide. Chicago: Birdbox Publishers, 2021. Cited by Cranium, Brooke, Great Citation Guides. New Delhi: Indian Press, 2020.“

Include the Secondary Source in Your Bibliography

Sometimes, you may have to use the secondary source solely in your work. When this happens, you have to enter it separately in your bibliography. This way, it becomes easier for the reader to tell that you used it solely.

For example, “Cranium, Brooke, Great Citation Guides. New Delhi: Indian Press, 2020.“

Secondary Citing in APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Write out the Name of the Author

Start your citation by writing out the author’s surname, followed by a comma, then the initials of their first and middle names, and end each with a full stop.

For example, “Umbrage, U. B.“

Write out the Year of Publication

After writing the name, write out the year of publication. Now, remember, there are two years of publication. One is for the primary source of publication while the other is for the secondary source. Make sure the one you are citing is for the secondary source. To do this, simply write the year in parentheses and add a full stop.

For example, “Umbrage, U. B. (2019).“

Write out the Publication Title

Next in citing a secondary source APA style is to write out the publication title in italics. Also, if the secondary source has subtitles attached to them, separate the subtitle from your title by adding a colon and then put a full stop at the end of the subtitle.

For example, “Umbrage, U. B. (2019). Citation: How-to“

Include the Details of the Publication

Next, include the publication details. These include the name and location of the publication.

For example, “Umbrage, U. B. (2019). Citation: How-to. New York: Ratz Publications.“

Show the Difference

Let the reader know the difference between the primary source and the secondary source. To do this, simply write the phrase “as cited in” before you write the name of the author and the year of publication of your secondary source.

For example, “(as cited in Umbrage, U. B. (2019)“

Citing Secondary Sources in MLA (Modern Language Association)

Write out the Author’s Name

When citing secondary sources, first, write out the author of the source where you got your information. Start by writing the surname of the author, followed by a comma and then the author’s first name.

For example, “Coolio, Roberta.“

If the author’s name is not written in the source, you can give the name of the editor of the source.

For example, “Gaddesden, Wendy, editor.“

Write out the Title of the Secondary Source

After writing out the name of the publication’s author and editor, the next thing is to write out the title of the publication in italics. When writing out the title, make sure you begin the first word with a capital letter. Also, make sure you capitalize any proper nouns or any word that is capitalized already. After that, put a full stop at the end of the title. Also if you have any subtitles in the title, make sure you put it and just separate it from the title with a colon.

For example, “Coolio, Roberta. How to cite and reference a secondary source using three examples.“

If an editor was the one who wrote the publication, then write like this: Write out the editor’s name, put a full stop, and write out the title in italics.

For example, “Gaddesden, Wendy, editor. Academic Writing for Student: How to Structure, Write, Cite, Reference and Submit Your Work.“

Add the Publication Information

After writing out the title of your publication, the next thing to do is give its publication information. The publication information includes the year and the name of the publishing company. To do this, simply write the name of the publishing company after the title, followed by a comma, the year of publication, and a full stop.

For example, “Coolio, Roberta. How to cite and reference a secondary source using three examples. Universal Writing, 2020.“

OR

“Gaddesden, Wendy, editor. Academic Writing for Student: How to Structure, Write, Cite, Reference, and Submit Your Work. Publishing House, 2020.“

Refer to the Primary Source in Your Text

Make sure to write the name of the author of the primary source that contains your secondary source. You can write it together with the information that you are providing. This way, the reader can tell that you did not get your information directly from your primary source. You can also add the year of publication of the primary source.

For example, “Mickelson, 2021, submits that an academic writing without any citation or reference is watery writing — one that is full of personal opinions, devoid of facts.“

Use the Abbreviation “Qtd in”

To make your readers further understand the difference between the primary source and your secondary source, you should add the phrase “Qtd in”. After writing out the name of the author of the primary source and the accompanying information, open a parenthesis. Next, put “qtd in” and write the surname and page number or year of the publication of the secondary source.

For example, “Mickelson, 2021, submits that an academic writing without any citation or reference is watery writing — one that is full of personal opinions, devoid of facts (qtd in Coolio 224).“

Conclusion

Congratulations, you know how to cite your secondary sources.